Workshop on the Establishment of an

Finding a Platform for Engagement

IUCN Headquarters, Gland, Switzerland
10 - 12 January 2001

Compiled by Len Abrams

Co-hosted by

THE WORLD CONSERVATION UNION (IUCN)
WORLD WIDE FUND FOR NATURE (WWF)
THE WORLD BANK

Sponsored by

THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION

Establishment of an International Discourse on Development in the Nile Basin:
A Platform for Engagement

IUCN Headquarters, Gland, Switzerland
10 - 12 January 2001

1. Contents

1 Contents *

2 Introduction *

3 Background *

3.1 Nile Basin Developments *

3.2 Reason for the Workshop *

3.3 Co-hosts and funders *

3.4 Logistics and facilitation of workshop *

3.5 Participants *

3.6 Agenda *

3.7 Workshop objectives *

3.8 Proceedings *

3.8.1 Agreement on modus operandi *

3.8.2 Reflections on the declarations of interests and concerns *

3.8.3 Discussion on a Preferred Future *

3.9 The way ahead *

4 Conclusions *

5 Appendix 1. Agenda *

2. Introduction

This report is of a workshop which was held in Gland, Switzerland at the headquarters of the World Conservation Union (the IUCN) from 10 to 12 January 2001 to discuss the establishment of a civil-society discourse on development in the Nile River Basin.

The report provides a briefing of the current initiatives which are being taken by the governments of the countries of the Nile Basin and the need for the establishment of a discourse involving all interested parties from inside and outside the Basin. The proceedings of the workshop are related including the chief outputs and recommendations of the participants.

The Workshop concluded that there was an urgent need to establish a discourse which in particular assisted organisations within the region to remain informed of developments and which provides a vehicle for the voices and concerns of all parties to be heard.

3. Background

1. Nile Basin Developments

Over the past decade there have been a number of initiatives undertaken by of countries in the Nile River Basin in order to promote development in the region. The countries which have part or all of their territories within the Basin are Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda. The work is under the political direction of the Council of Ministers (the Nile-COM) which is made up of the Ministers of Water Affairs of the Nile countries.

In 1992, the Council of Ministers (COM) of Water Affairs of the Nile Basin States launched an initiative to promote cooperation and development in the Basin. In 1993, the Technical Cooperation Committee for the Promotion of the Development and Environmental Protection of the Nile Basin (TECCONILE) was formed. Six of the riparian countries joined as members and the other three riparian states participated as observers. In 1995, within the framework of TECCONILE, the Nile River Basin Action Plan (NRBAP) was prepared with support from CIDA, comprising 22 technical assistance projects totaling US$ 100 million. One of the projects, whose objective is to develop a cooperative framework for management of the Nile, is under implementation with UNDP funding (Project D3, the Cooperative Framework) - this was the first program to include all the riparian countries except Eritrea. In 1997 the World Bank agreed to a request from the Council of Ministers (including all riparian governments except Eritrea) to lead and coordinate donor support for their activities, and organize a donor meeting -- the International Consortium for Cooperation on the Nile (ICCON) -- to raise financing for cooperative projects. The World Bank, UNDP, and CIDA are facilitating dialogue and cooperation among the riparians, to create a climate of confidence within which a cooperative framework can be established and sustained and through which joint projects can be identified and developed for presentation to the Consortium for financing.

At this stage there is no formal legal agreement between the countries of the Nile basin on how the resources can be jointly developed to the maximum mutual benefit of all concerned. The Cooperative Framework Project, Project D3, is aimed at ultimately producing such an agreement. In the interim, however, it was decided by the Nile-COM to establish a transitional mechanism made up of the Council of Ministers (the Nile-COM), a Technical Advisory Committee (Nile-TAC), and a Secretariat (Nile-SEC). In May 1999, the overall process was officially named the Nile Basin Initiative (NBI). The secretariat of the Nile Basin Initiative is based in Entebbe, Uganda where it was established in June 1999 and officially opened in September 1999.

Following extensive consultations, the Nile-COM, at its Extraordinary Meeting in February 1999, adopted a Shared Vision and a set of policy guidelines for the NBI. The Share Vision is:

To achieve sustainable socio-economic development through the equitable utilization of, and benefit from,the common Nile Basin water resources.

The policy guidelines, which provide a basin-wide framework for moving forward with cooperative action, set out the primary objectives of the NBI:

• To develop the water resources of the Nile Basin in a sustainable and equitable way to ensure prosperity, security, and peace for all its peoples.
• To ensure efficient water management and the optimal use of the resources.
• To ensure cooperation and joint action between the riparian countries, seeking win-win gains.
• To target poverty eradication and promote economic integration.

To achieve the Shared Vision, the riparian ogvernments are developing a Strategic Action Program which focuses on two complementary ideas -- a shared vision and action on the ground. The ideas are mutually reinforcing. A common vision facilitates activities on the ground, and, in turn, these activities realize the vision. These ideas will be translated into actions through two complementary sub-programs: (i) a basin-wide "shared vision" program which will articulate a common purpose among the riparians and implement activities to coordinate and enable implementation of the shared vision, and (ii) "subsidiary action programs" which will plan and implement physical infrastructure projects and other action on the ground at the lowest appropriate level, taking into account benefits and externalities of planned activities on other countries.

Progress has been made towards the implementation of both of these programs. The preparation of project documentation relating to projects of both the sub programs for presentation to the International donor community at the first meeting of the International Consortium for Cooperation on the Nile (ICCON) is at an advanced stage. The first meeting of ICCON is planned to take place during May 2001.

1. Reason for the Workshop

An important element of the development of the Nile Basin Initiative and of the support provided by the co-operating partners of the Initiative (the World Bank, CIDA and the UNDP) is the inclusion of affected and concerned parties in the process in an inclusive and effective way. Development within the Nile basin has implications both at the local level for communities directly affected and at the global level, both because of the size of the Nile Basin and its interaction with other global ecosystems, and because of the political and economic importance of the region. The question arose, therefore, at early stages of the process of how such engagement of concerned and affected parties could be achieved.

The concept of an international discourse on development in the Nile Basin was developed at an early stage of the discussions and has been incorporated into the Nile Basin Initiative policy document adopted by the Council of Ministers. Much consideration has gone into clarifying the nature and modality of such a discourse. It is a new and unique feature in international development processes, particularly the establishment of such a discourse at such an early stage of the development process. After consideration and discussion it was decided that the best procedure would be to bring together a sample of people broadly representing the groups which may be included in a discourse to discuss the issues in a "brainstorming" meeting. It needs to be emphasised that the organisers of the meeting themselves had no clear initial concepts of the nature and modality of a discourse which was precisely the reason for holding the workshop.

2. Co-hosts and funders

The workshop was co-hosted by the IUCN, and the World Bank and the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). It was held in Gland, Switzerland at the IUCN headquarters. The IUCN kindly provided the conference facilities and logistics support for the workshop.

The costs of participation of delegates from Africa were covered by a grant provided by the Rockefeller Foundation. The grant covered all expenses including air fares, hotel accommodation, daily subsistence allowances and incidentals.

3. Logistics and facilitation of workshop

All of the logistical and administrative arrangements for the workshop were undertaken by Water Policy International Ltd with the able assistance of designated IUCN staff. Arrangements included the identification of potential participants, the preparation and sending out of invitations, the preparation of initial documentation, the preparation of the proposals for financial assistance from the Rockefeller Foundation, the arrangement of transport and accommodation in Switzerland, arrangement for international air travel by sponsored participants, the support of sponsored participants in such matters as detailed travel arrangements and the acquisition of visas, the settlement of accounts for in-country transport and sponsored accommodation, the arrangement and payment of subsistence allowances for sponsored delegates, detailed reporting and accounting for the use of sponsorship funds.

The workshop was facilitated by Len Abrams of Water Policy International Ltd who was also tasked with the responsibility for producing this workshop report.

4. Participants

Participants were identified from a number of organisations with the objective of including a broad range of organisations to cover:-

Different sectoral interests : development and poverty reduction; environmental protection; security and conflict; humanitarian concerns,

Different regions: Local; national; regional; international organisations,

Different elements of civil society: NGOs; academics; international network organisations; UN agencies; bi-lateral agencies.

 

Table 1. lists the participants at the workshop.

 

 

 

Table 1: Workshop Participants

Last Name		First Name	Position Organisation				Country
Abdel-Latif	Mr	Jalal	Executive Director InterAfrica Group	IAG		Ethiopia
Abrams	Mr	Len	[Facilitator] Water Policy International	WPI		United Kingdom
Adly	Dr.	Emad	President Arab Office for Youth and Environment			Egypt
Allan	Prof	Tony	School of Oriental and African Studies	SOAS		United Kingdom
Andersen	Ms	Inger	United Nations Development Programme	UNDP		USA
Asfaw	Mr	Leulseged	Head of the Training Department Christian Relief and Development Agency	CRDA		Ethiopia
Boisson De Chazournes	Prof	Laurence	Professor of International Water Law University of Geneva			Switzerland
Conti	Mr	Riccardo	Head: Water and Habitat Programme International Committee of the Red Cross	ICRC		Switzerland
Crane	Mr	Donald	Executive Vice President ADCI/VOCA	ADCI/ VOCA		USA
El-Khodari	Mr	Nabil	List moderator Nile River Mailing List	NBS		Canada
Frazier	Mr	Scott	Senior Wetland Inventory Officer Wetlands International	WI		Netherlands
Grey	Mr	David	Senior Advisor, Water Resources World Bank	WB		USA
Gujja	Dr	Biksham	World Wide Fund for Nature International	WWF		Switzerland
Hamad	Dr	Osman El Tom	Chairman [Vice Chairman] Nile-TAC [Sudan Water Resources Technical Organ]	Nile-TAC		Sudan
Hill	Mr	Antonio	Livelihoods and Environment Advisor OXFAM	OXFAM		United Kingdom
Howard	Dr	Geoffrey	The World Conservation Union	IUCN		Kenya
Kameri-Mbote	Dr.	Patricia	Director of Policy Research and Outreach African Centre for Technology Studies	ACTS		Kenya
Makumbi	Ms	Irene	Senior Researcher Uganda Wildlife Society	UWS		Uganda
Mehyar	Mr	Munqeth	Chairperson Friends of the Earth, Middle East	FOEME		Jordan
Msuya	Mr	Meraji	Executive Director Nile Basin Initiative Secretariat	NBI		Uganda
Mumba	Ms	Musonda	World Wide Fund for Nature International	WWF		Switzerland
Parry	Ms	Marion	Coordinator, Desertification Convention CIDA	CIDA		Canada
Shaddad	Dr.	Moawia	Executive Director Sudanese Environment Conservation Society	SECS		Sudan
Someshwar	Dr.	Shiv	Rockefeller Foundation			USA
Stone	Dr.	David	UN High Commissioner for Refugees	UNHCR		Switzerland
Taylor	Dr.	Douglas	International Science Coordinator Wetlands International	WI		Netherlands
Uku	Mr	Richard	Head, Africa Region External Affairs Unit World Bank	WB		USA

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The following picture (between the rulers) is not part of the report. It is from Nabil's collection (courtesy of Len Abrams).


Participants of the Gland meeting.

In case you are wondering;

• Dr. Nabil El-Khodari, Founder Nile Basin Society, (bald with glasses) is the first right on the picture
• Mr. Len Abrams (of Water Policy and Meeting Facilitator) next in first row.
• Dr. Emad Adly, President Arab Office for Youth and Environmen, Egypt, next (bald)
• Dr. Moawia Shaddad, Executive Director, Sudanese Environment Conservation Society.
• Mr. Jalal Abdel-Latif, Executive Director, InterAfrica, Ethiopia (in blue shirt), last.
• Ms. Parry Marion, Coordinator, Desertification Convention, CIDA, Canada, behind Nabil
• Mr. David Grey, Senior Advisor, Water Resources, World Bank, Behind Ms. Marion
• Dr. Gujja Biksham, WWF, behind Jalal on the left.
• Mr. Meraj Msuya, Executive Director, Nile Basin Initiative, next.
• Dr. Osman El Tom Hamad, Chairman Nile-TAC, right on the last (upper) row.

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5. Agenda

The draft agenda of the workshop was circulated with the initial invitations at the beginning of November 2000 with a request for comments and suggestions. No comments were received.

The main sections of the agenda were:

• Opening and background information, including an introduction to the Nile Basin Initiative by Dr Osman El Tom, Chair of Nile-TAC and Mr Meraji Msuya, Executive Director of the Secretariat.
• An opportunity for each participant to provide brief information on their interests, concerns and expectations related to the Nile Basin.
• Discussions on the nature and operation of a discourse on development in the Nile Basin.
• Discussion and decisions on the way ahead.

In the development of the draft agenda, the objective was to create a balance between the following three elements -

Small modifications were made to the final agenda which is included in Appendix 1.

1. Workshop objectives

The objectives of the workshop were confirmed by the participants as follows:

1) Information sharing - to provide participants with information about the Nile Basin Initiative and to share the interests and concerns which participants have regarding development in the Nile Basin.

2) To develop the idea of a Discourse

3) To suggest and discuss the way forward

4) Build relationships between the participants, most of whom had not met before because the meeting brought together participants with different interests - humanitarian, development, environmental and other concerns

2. Proceedings
0. Agreement on modus operandi

At the beginning of the workshop it was considered important to establish the "ground rules" for the engagement of the participants for the course of the workshop. Most of the participants had not met before and it was important to encourage frank and free discussion. The following points were discussed and agreed:

• The workshop would constitute a "Safe place" where all participants could feel free to express their concerns.
• It was important to reinforce the need for participants to respect each other and to hear each other.
• The workshop would be run on an informal basis.
• It was important to stress that the meeting had been called in order to discuss the establishment of a discourse and not to engage in the discourse itself. There are many pressing issues related to development in the Nile Basin which would no doubt be subjects in the discourse at a later stage but the objective was not to debate these issues at this workshop.
• The proceedings would be recorded in summary form without keeping a record of individual statements made by participants.
• The output of the workshop would comprise a brief report which would be circulated for comment to all the participants.

1. Reflections on the declarations of interests and concerns

Each participant presented their organisation's interests and concerns related to development in the Nile Basin. Initial concerns that this would be a tedious affair with some 25 consecutive presentations were unfounded because of the variety, quality of presentation and interesting content of the presentations.

After the presentations the workshop reflected on the input. The following points were made and discussed. The inputs could be grouped under three main sub-headings:

• Issues and concerns to which a discourse could contribute;
• How a discourse might work; and
• What the substance of a discourse might be.

Why a discourse is needed.

• There is a need to move beyond the differences which have divided peoples in the past and to begin to explore what the mutual benefits of cooperation may be.
• There is a need to identify strategic alliances which may promote social and developmental equity, a discourse may assist in the mobilization of stakeholders.
• There is a need for strategic input from stakeholders into the development process in the Nile Basin at an early stage.
• There is a need for pro-active exploration of development alternatives rather than reactive responses to plans which have already been made.
• Within the Basin there is a need to "see through the eyes of others" particularly regarding different national perspectives to create greater understanding and mutual respect.
• There is a need to ensure that development in the Nile Basin reflects the values of the peoples in the basin - and development needs to be multi faceted, to address poverty, security, environmental protection etc..
• There is a need to promote the understanding that the Nile is a shared resource.
• It was considered important to first establish the principles of a discourse and then look at costs, structure and function.

How a discourse could work - how it could be structured.

• The discourse could work as a parallel civil-society process to the Nile Basin Initiative - The concept of a "Nile rafiki" - Nile 'community' of interested and concerned parties.
• There were a number of alternative institutional options discussed. The general consensus was that it needs to be external to and independent of the NBI process which is being undertaken by the governments of the riparian countries.
• It was agreed that the Discourse should be central to the NBI process, not relegated to the outside of the process.
• The Discourse would need to have a communication component to function as a tool for the mobilization of civil society. (There may be areas where the communications project of the Shared Vision Program of the Nile Basin Initiative could contribute to the Discourse.)
• The Discourse could interact with the arrangement of and participation in the annual Nile 2002 series of meetings. There is a need to engage and enable civil society participation in events such as Nile 2002. It was suggested that the next Nile 2002 meeting could select Civil Society Discourse as its theme.
• The Discourse could assist in establishing clear criteria for consultation - and strengthen direct representation of all parties, particularly poor communities directly effected by development.
• 'Ownership' of the Discourse should remain in the hands of civil society - however, the discourse must include the input from governments, international development agencies and other official bodies. The Discourse should initially originate from the Basin itself.
• Need to use technologies such as the Internet to reduce costs of interaction - however such technologies are not accessible to many agencies and individuals in basin countries, let alone being accessible to the poorest and most remote communities. Other options are therefore needed as well.
• Need persons to represent the poorest of the poor - this is a difficult issue. Whilst it is not possible for everybody to be directly represented, different bodies claim representation by proxy - governments, NGOs etc. Whist representation may be difficult and must always remain a priority, communication should be as wide as possible. Participation in civil society processes is dependent on access to resources - the poorest are not able to gain access and need appropriate tools.
• There is a need to establish a clearing house function for information on the Nile Basin where information can be gathered and disseminated.
• The role the NBI Secretariat could play in contributing to the functioning of the discourse will need to be clarified.
• There is a need to build on other forums and initiatives, and to use existing resources.

What the substance of a discourse might be.

• There is a need for dialogue at an early stage of development in the Nile Basin to inform decision making at all levels.
• The Discourse may assist in exploring development alternatives with similar resource implications - to look at different options and scenarios.
• The Discourse could assist in enabling substantive debate on development issues.
• The discourse will enable debate and discussion of the "development / environment nexus" - that is the inter-relationship between these two important factors - how to achieve sustainable development in order to offset the effects of degradation caused by poverty and thereby safeguard environmental resources. This could, amongst other issues, examine relevant socio-economic issues in the context of land and water management (population, food security, poverty, etc. and the Nile).
• The Discourse will therefore be a multi-track process which promotes continuous debate and enriched engagement of parties.
• There is a need for more information which the Discourse could assist with, for example short and long term modeling of hydrological information. Information flow will increase transparency, allay suspicion and build partnerships.
• Information is also needed on NGOs working in the region. The Discourse could assist with the surveying of groups.
• Language is an issue in the region with at least 5 widespread languages used - Arabic, Swahili, French, Amharic and English. "Easy messages" are therefore needed.
• There is a need to make reference resources available (eg. Books, technical information, etc.) which the Discourse could assist with.
• The Discourse could assist in identifying different scenarios and win-win options for consideration.

1. Discussion on a Preferred Future

The workshop then undertook a group exercise based on a hypothetical press release on possible infrastructure developments within the Nile Basin in the year 2002. The main questions asked by the exercise were

The report-backs from these discussions have been consolidated below: [It should be noted that this consolidation represents a record only of the discussions - these were not decisions nor do they represent the consensus of the workshop.]

What roles could a Discourse perform to ensure a different future?

• Ensure that NGOs & other stakeholders have sufficient capacity, especially to access information from relevant sources.
• Gather information of different types
• technical (hydrological, biological, development, law & policy, including esp. baseline data in advance of proposals)
• political (plans & proposals)
• information internal to developments in the Nile Basin
• external information including prior development experience with similar issues in other areas of the world.
• Information analysis in the light of relevant best practice (e.g. making all people central to decisions)
• Information dissemination (including, for example, through effective use of the Internet)
• Campaigning & advocacy to expose potential consequences of plans and promote alternatives
• Provision of expert practical and technical assistance in specific areas such as resettlement, sustainable use of natural resources, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), etc.
• It was noted that action would need to be sensitive to the political context and the existence of grassroots interest / concern in the matters under consideration.
• The Discourse could provide analysis of proposed actions and projects and disseminate this information to different stakeholders and interested parties.
• The Discourse could ensure inclusiveness of relevant stakeholders particularly in important project phases and components such as Development Planning and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).
• The Discourse could also assist in organizing partners (including the media), promote the development of relations between actors (especially with those actors with decision making power in the process) and establish links with the "grassroots".
• It was noted that many discourses have already been launched and are currently underway; how will this one be different? It will be important to ensure clarity of purpose and role, and to establish an institutional identity.

What should the Principles of Engagement of a Discourse be?

• After much discussion the principles of a discourse should include the following elements.
• The discourse should be:
• Inclusive of all stakeholders from the local to global levels;
• Inclusive and "open-ended" of all relevant issues and processes;
• Independent of control, particularly by non basin NGOs & governments;
• Transparent and accountable under some form of Charter, Terms of Reference or Memorandum of Understanding;
• Consultative;
• A mechanism through which it is safe to express opinion;
• Consensus based;
• Contribute towards peace and conflict resolution;
• Integrative (contributing towards basin-wide cooperation across boundaries and development)
• Clear in its purpose and objectives;
• (There was some discussion that the discourse should be owned by the "basin community" with the engagement of outside stakeholders and interests.)
• One group defined a discourse as - "an ongoing process or platform for widespread civil society debate on the programs envisioned by NBI and/or on issues relating to Nile Basin development that contributes to a shared vision for sustainable economic development."

What must be done now to set in motion the establishment of a Discourse to ensure a different future?

1. Establish a focal point for the discourse hosted at the NBI Secretariat in Entebbe, Uganda as soon as possible with a clear Terms of Reference and mandate, including:

• To facilitate communications
• To ensure a balance of representation and participation within and between national, regional and global participants
• Transparency in activities, structure etc.
• Identify who should be involved

1. Undertake a scoping exercise to establish a discourse work plan which would include a common agreement on what the discourse is, what principles it should function under and strategic objectives and issues relating to the Nile Basin Initiative inparticular and Nile Basin development in general to be addressed by the discourse.
2. Establishment of protocols, mechanics and tools for the discourse, consistent with the principles discussed during the workshop.

• Anchoring of discourse in national contexts and interfacing with the NBI
• Translation and dissemination of information
• Use of existing on-the-ground capacity

1. Co-operative activities to be undertaken by discourse members

• Promotion of ‘champions’ with regional focus
• Support capacity of NGOs to engage in a discourse and improve understanding of the NBI.
• Improve information access through the Internet, print media and radio
• Use of Nile 2002 forum
• Promotion of the concept of Nile Rafiki
• Revision of the Nile Basin Atlas
• Reporting back from Gland meeting to other local stakeholders/network members
• Develop and share "tool-box" of materials and resources amongst civil society to promote a dynamic, two-way process of information flow.

Other suggested activities and issues were

• Identify the players who are not present at the Gland workshop
• Need for synchronization with the Nile Basin Initiative – if civil society is to have an opportunity to interact with the NBI, more information on timing, agenda, key milestones etc. will need to be available.
• Engagement in the ICCON process in some form - possibilities include a pre-ICCON civil society workshop and civil society representatives at the ICCON meetings.
• There should be a parallel civil society / NGO meeting at the ICCON meetings and civil society / NGO representatives should be able to attend some ICCON meetings.
• Acceptance that electronic media has very little penetration in Nile Basin and therefore emphasis on print media and radio
• Use Nile 2002 forum for broader discourse of civil society on Nile Basin development challenges and opportunities
• Simplified, translated documents for dissemination are required
• Nile River Basin Atlas could be enhanced with a greater variety of detailed information e.g. social data.
• The Nile discourse process should be nationally anchored
• Need to promote champions with regional focus

1. The way ahead

The objective of the final session of the workshop was to decide on how to take the process begun at Gland further.

It was agreed that :

1) The co-hosts of the Gland workshop - the IUCN, the WFF and the World Bank - will take the process further.

2) The possibility of establishing a desk at the NBI Secretariat offices in Entebbe will be investigated.

3) The work of reporting on the Gland Workshop, preparing documentation and promoting the start of a discourse in Entebbe will be undertaken by Len Abrams on behalf of the co-hosts.

4) The "Gland group", including the co-convenors, will act as a reference group to review and oversee the process of establishment of a Discourse on development in the Nile Basin based on the Nile Basin Initiative. The group would comment on documentation; proposals, TORs, etc.

5) Efforts will be made to include within this Group other organizations from countries not represented at Gland meeting to avoid exclusivity. Emphasis will be placed on basin ownership / leadership in process.

1. Conclusions

The Gland Workshop was a success in that it achieved its objectives. There is a mandate from the participants at the workshop to take the concept of the Discourse further. This Report contains the main points of the discussions during the workshop which will guide the establishment of the discourse.

The next step is to prepare the necessary documentation and implement the establishment of the discourse.

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2. Appendix 1. Agenda

Wednesday 10 January 2001

Part 1: Opening and background : Chair - IUCN

• Mr Meraji Msuya, Secretariat Executive Director
• Dr Osman El Tom, Chair of Nile-TAC

Part 2: Interests, opportunities, concerns and expectations related to the Nile Basin : Chair - WWF

Thursday 11 January 2001

Part 3: The International Discourse : Chair - Rockerfeller Foundation

Friday 12 January 2001

Part 4: The way ahead : Chair - IUCN